Contoh Mini Research
New
Conversion Words Formed and Used By College Students
(A
Study on Students in Humanities Faculty of Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic
University, Malang as the Users of Social Media Such As, BBM, Line, WhatsApp,
and WeChat)
Fitrah Ramadhan / 12320015
English Language and Letters
Department
Humanities Faculty
Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic
University, Malang
Juni 2015
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.
Research
Background
Communication
is an important thing in human’s life. Every time and everywhere people do it
to get their needs. They use language as the main tool in this process of
communication. Although there are a lot of languages in the world, they have
the same main use that is to express ideas in the main of human being so that
they can reach their wants.
Language
itself consists of some parts, such as morphemes, words, sentences, etc. Each
part has its own function and rule. In this research, the writer limits on the
words analysis as a part of language. Word as a part of language has important
rule in forming a language. People always use it to build a sentence, but they
do not know where do actually those millions words come from. People as the
users of language sometimes do not think about how a language is formed. There
are millions of words now used by people. Every time people get more and more
new words unless they know the way it happens. In this research, the writer
tries to find the mechanisms or processes of word formation and finally can be
used in human’s life. Besides, word form has deep relation with meaning. The
meaning of the new word form is influenced by the process of forming a word.
This process is usually called as word formation process. In short, Word
formation is the creation of new words
There
are many kinds of word formation, such as compounding,
blending, conversion, back-formation, eponym, borrowing, etc. Yet, in this
research, the writer focuses only on ‘Conversion’. Gerorge Yule
(2006), on his book ‘The Study of Language’ Third Edition, gives a simple
definition that conversion is a change in the function of a word, as for
example when a noun comes to be used as a verb without any reduction. It means
that conversion is simply the creation of new word class from an existed word
(of different word class) without any change in form. In fact, many words of
old usage has been recently used as another function.
The
development of communication technology nowadays enables people to communicate
or interact with everyone without facing each other using a phone. Beside Short
Message Service, the area of communication becomes wider by the time going. It
could be seen through the creation and the use of many applications or software
in the features of new developmental technologies installed in hand phones. The
software is now well-known as social media which needs the internet connection
to run with. As we know that, recently, there are many social media that people
could use to communicate with everyone around the world, such as Facebook,
twitter, flicker, Bee Talk, Blackberry Messenger (BBM), WeChat, Line, Path,
Kakao Talk, WhatsApp, etc. Yet, through this research, the writer focuses on some
software which frequently and mostly used by college students, particularly the
students in Humanities Faculty at State Islamic University of Malang, Indonesia.
As the matter of fact, in line with the frequently of its use through a hand
phone, those application names is no longer changed its function by college
students who use those social media as their communication needs every day. Mostly,
it is done to make their communication become easier. For example, “eh, BBM’in dia doong”. This is one of
the process of word-formation in Linguistics which is well-known as conversion
The process
of conversion of social media’s name which becoming verb is never been
investigated by anyone. This research, therefore will be an exploratory study.
As a part of morphological study in the same area, there some studies that had
been conducted. However, all of them only focus on the proses of forming new
words which generally done by certain group of people, especially teenagers.
Finally, it is an evidence that the differences between one
generation and another reflects the simple fact that languages are always in
the process of changing, that language do not stand still (Finegan, 1997:258)
Taking view on the change, morphological process is interesting to investigate.
Therefore, this research examines the process of inversion done directly by those
students in Humanities Faculty at State Islamic University of Malang as its
function to make their communication easier.
1.2 Research Question
1.2.1
How are the process of inversion done by the students
in Humanities Faculty of State Islamic University of Malang as a morphological
event?
1.2.2
What are the reasons why those students tend to do
inversion in their communication?
1.2.3
What types of conversion used by the students in
Humanities Faculty of State Islamic University of Malang?
1.3 Significance
This
research attempts to document the new word which produced from morphological
process. For that reason, the researcher is generally interested in finding out
the formation of new words. In this research, researcher figures out that the
significance of this research is this research is expected to be able to
contribute in linguistics research especially in morphological analysis.
Through this research, it can be used for vocabulary building, English
mastering and keeping-up-to-date the information about new words in that frequently
used by society in general. This study is also expected as an additional
references for those, either student, lecturer, researcher, or whoever,
interested in the same subject of morphological analysis especially in
word-formation.
1.4 Research Scope
In this study, the writer analyzes some new conversion
words, such as BBM, Line, WhatsApp, and WeChat used by the
students in Humanities Faculty at State Islamic University of Malang in their
daily conversation. The writer focuses on the analysis of the process of
Conversion as a part of word-formation in morphological event.
1.5 Definition of Keyterms
a.
BBM (Blackberry Messenger) is a proprietary internet-based PIN instant messenger
and video telephony application included on smartphone devices that allows
messaging and voice calls.
b.
WeChat, well-known as “micro message”, is
a mobile text and voice messaging communication service.
c.
Line is a
proprietary application for instant communication on electronic devices such as
smartphones, tablet computers, and personal computers which is able to make the
users exchange texts, images, videos, and audio, and conduct free video conferences.
d.
WhatsApp is an
instant messaging application for smartphones that operates under a
subscription business model. The proprietary, cross-platform app uses the
internet to send text messages, images, videos, user location and audio media
messages.
CHAPTER II
Review of
Related Literature
Language
is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication (Wardhaugh: 1977:3).
Sciffman (1996) stated that language reconstituted and reconstructed by every
speaker anew in every generation. Therefore languages change in the course of
time (Bloomfield, 1933:13) and of course, it happen on all living languages (Fromkin
and Rodman, 1974: 499).
We find a comprehension that English has been developed
continually since hundreds years ago. That is exact with the theory, languages
change in the course of time (Bloomfield, 1933: 13), the process of change is
dramatically over a long period of time. None of these processes of change
happened overnight, languages change dramatically over a long period. To see
how one language has undergone substantial changes through time, we can take a
brief look at the history of English (Yule, 2005:186). Especially English, we
may begin with taking a look into history which divide English generation into
three periods, namely Old English, Middle English and Modern English. So, to
recognize the change we can compare the pattern of semantic, syntax,
morphology, etc. between one generation and the next.
This study concerns more about morphology. The researcher refer to
some definitions of morphology itself. Yule (2006) stated that morphology,
which literally means “the study of forms”, was originally used in Biology, but
since the middle of the nineteenth century, has also been used to describe the
types of investigation that analyzes all those basic ‘elements’ or ‘morphemes’
used in language. Another definitions come from Sims and Haspelmath (2010) on
their book, Understanding Morphology Second Edition, which provide three
definition. First, morphology is the study of the internal structure of words.
Second, morphology is the study of systematic covariation in the form and
meaning of words. Third, morphology is the study of the combination of
morphemes to yield words. In fact, morphology studies about morpheme and its
structure in forming words.
As well as morphology talks about words and as the main thing
discussed in this study, words should be defined as well. According to
Cambridge Dictionary, word is a single unit of language which has meaning and
can be spoken or written. Besides, Francis Katamba (in Riansari, n.d) gave his
explanation about words as follows.
”Words refers to a
particular physical realization of that lexeme in speech or writing. Word can
also be seen as a representation of a lexeme that is associated with certain
morph-syntactic such as noun, adjective, verb, tense, gender, number, etc.”
(1993:18-19)
Words, as a part of
morphological study, formed temporarily by its users to fill their needs in
communication. In morphology, the event of forming new words know as
word-formation. As the real example of word formation happened is that in semantic
change, Ullman (1977:247) wrote meaning may has fastest change, this is caused
by many factors such as vocabulary structure, ambiguous context, polysemy,
discontinuous, etc. In fact, there are many evidence of semantic change,
Finegan (1997:258) gives example, about a thousand years ago, the English
verb starve (Old
English steorfan) meant
simply ‘die (by any cause)’; today, starve refers
principally to deprivation and death by hunger (or, by metaphorical extension,
‘deprive off affection’). The meaning of a word become wider just because of
the period which is quite different.
The example provided
above also happens nowadays. There are many words that also have been exchanged
its meaning and its function by the time going regarding the needs of the
speakers. This case, in linguistics is also known as conversion. Conversion, as
one of some kinds of words formation in morphological event, is a change
in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a
verb without any reduction. It means that conversion is simply the creation of
new word class from an existed word (of different word class) without any
change in form.
The process
of conversion done by the object is taken from the nouns coming from the name
of the media social software. According to Wikipedia, Social Media are
computer-mediated tools that allow people to create, share or exchange
information, ideas and pictures/videos in virtual communities and network. Social
media is defined as “a group of internet-based applications that build on the
ideological and technological foundations of website, and that allow the
creation and exchange of user-generated content.
Social media
are used as another tools for communication in this technological era. The
communication using internet is called as Computer
Mediated Communication (CMC). Shaff, Martin and Gay (in Muffidah, n.d)
defined Computer Mediated Communication or CMC as interaction among people
using internet-based computer.
By the time
going, language, as its nature as a tool for humans’ communication, grows up
with many new words coming together with the condition of its era. In this
internet era, for example, many new words arise which mostly from computer
mediated communication, especially from social media used by a billion people
around the world. The words are not only created, but also used simply from the
name of software or application used. The use of those new words, as a part of
word-formation event, is an interesting case to be examined and investigated
nowadays.
Therefore, given those
explanations above, this study investigates the formation of new conversion
words. To analyze the product of change, in this study is new words, the theory
of word formation is able to be used (Yule, 2006: 52-53).
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research
Design
This qualitative research of new words in
English will be reached on the matter of synchronic approach. The focus
investigation of approach is language system, either microlinguistics or
macrolinguistics, in a certain period of time; language analysis based on the
present. According to Soeparno (2002: 117) the advantage of this approach is
objective, and he also states, it is because the motto is“describe the facts, all the facts, and nothing
but the facts”. The result of synchronic approach is linguistic
descriptive. So, for instance, this research uses descriptive approach.
3.2 Research Subject
The instrument of this research is I myself as this
research uses qualitative approach. In this research, I am the only one
instrument who is busy in obtaining, collecting, and analyzing the data to get
the objective of this research.
3.3 Instrument and Data
Collection
The data which will be collected for this research is
taken from common daily conversations which is done by the students in
Humanities Faculty at State Islamic University of Malang. The data,
specifically, will be taken from the speakers around the researcher.
3.4 Data Analysis
The technique of observation is particularly important in this
research. According to Creswell (1994: 149), data collection procedures in
qualitative research involve four basic types: observations, interviews, visual
images, and documents. On analyzing the data, new words in English, researcher
will apply several steps. Troot and Bloomer (1998: 7-13) (1) Identification. In
this step, researcher will sorting the words, select the words which have
probabilty living longer. It means that in this step there are a kind of
election. Then, (2) Classification. The selected words will be classified into
several classification (3) Interpreting (or Describing). This step is the
last-one step, the data will be described or analyzed. (4) Conclusion. After
all, researcher will find out the conclusion as the simple answer.
BAB IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
Conversion, as has been described above, is a change
in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a
verb without any reduction. It means that conversion is simply the creation of
new word class from an existed word (of different word class) without any
change in form (Yule, 2006). This study examines the process of conversion on four
social media such as BBM, Line, WhatsApp and WeChat, which are frequently used
by the students In Humanities Faculty at State Islamic University of Malang. As
those five social media often used by the students, five new words have arisen
to be used in their daily conversation.
The new words, taken from the name of applications,
have been being used widely by those students. Actually, this case happens not
only in the students in Humanities faculty at State Islamic University of
Malang, but also around the world. In line with this, Catherine Sommes (2010),
in her website, bbclearningenglish.com, stated that
“What we can do – we’ve got software tools
that actually show how words are being used, how widely they’re being used, so
it’s not just a question of numbers, it’s a question of different places it’s
being used so everywhere from magazines, to newspapers to chatrooms… Social
networking as well is so huge–so we’re getting words in the dictionary now like
de-friend, or un-friend… on a social networking site such as Facebook. We’re
seeing lots of words like that come into the language now”
In fact, thousand new
words have arisen around human’s life caused by the technology only. It also
happens in the object of this research. As the data collected, in this case,
the name of four social media have been converted and exchanged its function on
the process of conversion.
Here are the application names which have arisen as the process of
conversion[1].
1. Blackberry
Messenger
2. WhatsApp
3. Line
4. WeChat
I will arrange the conversion of those application’s name according to the
data from different participants
1. Blackberry
Messenger (BBM)
A :
“Ris, minta tolong BBM’in si faisal dong, paketanku habis!”
B :
“aku tadi di BBM sama si naufal, katanya bapaknya gak bisa ngajar hari ini”
The first participant, A, is asking
help to text or contact Faisal using BBM
The second participant, B, uses the
word ‘BBM’ in passive sentence type. In Bahasa Indonesia, Passive sentence is
identified with the affix ter- and di-.
The conversion of BBM can be used as
a verb for active sentence and it also can be used for passive sentence without
any changed in form.
2. WhatsApp
C :
“lho, kamu gak tau info di group WA[2]?”
D :
“Fit, tolong saya di WA’in nomernya Harun ya, terima kasih”
The third participant, C, is asking
his friend whether he know the information in WhatsApp or not.
The fourth participant, D, is asking
his or her friend to send someone’s number through WhatsApp in passive sentence
type.
3. Line
E :
“Ndah, Coba deh dia di Line dulu!”
F :
“barusan aku di Line sama tuh anak”
The fifth participant, E, is asking
his friend to text or contact someone using application chat, Line, in passive
sentence type.
The sixth participant, F, is telling
his friend that he or she has been contacted by someone in a passive sentence
type.
Line has been exchanged to verb. But
it might only be used for passive sentence.
4. WeChat
G :
“Kamu tidak pernah di WeChat sama arif?”
The seventh participant, G, is
asking whether he or she is ever contacted or texted by Arif or not.
We can see on the data that actually those application
names have been exchanged from nouns to become verbs. The students tend to
directly use the application’s name instead of texting their friends using the
related application. Those students prefer to use the name instead of saying,
for example, “Would you please to text him using BBM?” They do not need to do
that, simply because they want to make their communication become easier. That
is actually the main reason why they tend to do conversion. They want to talk
to their friends in a simple and an effective way as language is an arbitrary
system. They use the applications name to identify that they are texting
someone using each application. Therefore, the types of conversion done by the
students of Humanities Faculty at State Islamic University of Malang is the
conversion from Noun to Verb (N à V).
CONCLUSION
The Nature of language is used as a communication
tool. People always use language to fill their needs. In line with this case,
everyone wants to make their communication become easier and effective through
making new words to refer to something that difficult to be said. They do
conversion of some words as it results some new words arises from the name of
application that they use every day. Therefor the writer closes this research
by giving some conclusions as follows that:
1. The
participants tend to do Inversion for those four social media to make their
communication become easier and effective.
2. The
conversion type done by all participants is exchanging the function of words
from Noun to Verb.
3. The
participants widely, in unaware, use the new words which arise around them.
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