Makalah "MORPHOLOGY COMPOSING WORD-FORMATION"
MORPHOLOGY
COMPOSING WORD-FORMATION
“These papers were made up to fulfill Morphology
Assignment”
Lecturer :
Galuh Nur rohmah
Written by:
Fitrah ramadhan
(12320015)
LANGUAGE AND LETTERS DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF
MALANG
ACADEMIC YEARS 2014 - 2015
PREFACE
All praising for Allah, God experienced for its grant
from above. We can finish a handing out the paper "Word-Formation" to become the guidance for student of
university and will be not bad read by all educator, teacher and parent for the
stock of in developing duty.
This paper is one form of our participation in the
realization of development in the field of Scientific Writing among the
students. Narrowly, this paper gives a lead in education by utilizing all the
capabilities of existing infrastructure to improve performance in order to
achieve the hopes and ideals.
We hope to write this paper, to participate in raising
the quality of education and learn the spirit of the students are generally at
the recent enthusiasm seemed to fade and begins to weaken.
We are of the author to give thanks Thank God and
thanks to all those who have helped in resolving this very simple writing. May
Allah favor replace it with bountifully rewarded? Deficiencies in all things
there must be, therefore we as writers are tolerant with open arms, and we will
accept constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfection of our paper.
Malang,
16th March 2014,
Writers
LIST OF CONTENT
PAGE TITLE
PREFACE
LIST OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2
: DISCUSSION
A.. CLIPPING
B... ACRONYM
C... BLENDING
D. BACK-FORMATION
E. COMPOUNDING
F. CONVERSION
G.. EPHONYM
H.. BORROWING
I.... ONOMATOPHOIEA
CHAPTER 3 : CLOSING
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Communication
is an important thing in human’s life. Every time and everywhere people do it
to get their needs. They use language as the main tool in this process of
communication. Although there are a lot of languages in the world, they have
the same main use that is to express ideas in the main of human being so that
they can reach their wants.
Language
itself consists of some parts, such as morphemes, words, sentences, etc. Each
part has its own function and rule. In this research, the writer limits on the
words analysis as a part of language. Word as a part of
language has important rule in forming a language.People always use it to build
a sentence, but they don’t know where do actually those millionswords come
from. People as the user of language sometimes do not think about how a
language isformed. There are millions words now used by people. Every time
people get more and morenew words unless they know the way it happens. In this
research, the writer tries to find themechanisms or processes of word formation
and finally can be used in human’s life. Besides,word form has deep relation
with meaning. The meaning of the new word form is influenced bythe process of
forming a word. This process is usually called word formation process. In
thisresearch, the writer tries to analyze word formation processes occurred in
slang used bytranssexual character in Indonesian films. Language can be used
both in oral and written forms based on their contexts. While from its context,
language can be used in formal and informal situations. People usually use
formal or standard language in formal context, while in informal context people
usually use informal one.
Word as a part of
language has important rule in forming a language. People always use it to
build a sentence, but they don’t know where do actually those millions words
come from. People as the user of language sometimes don’t think about how a
language is formed. There are millions words now used by people. Every time
people get more and more new words unless they know the way it happens. The
meaning of the new word form is influenced by the process of forming a word.
This process is usually called word formation process.
Word
formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted
with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning.
Word-formation process is a way of forming new words or terms from the use of
old words. The processes consist of clipping, blending, acronym,
back-formation, folk etymology, and antonomasia.Changing or making a new word.
There are, of course, numerous word formation processes that do not arouse any
controversies and are very similar in the majority of languages.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.
CLIPPING
WORDS
Clipping is one of many
types of word formation process. Clipping can be described as the process of
shortening or reducing long words (Yule, 2006). This occurs when a word of more
than one syllable (examination) is reduced to a shorter form (exam).
There
are three types of clipping words such as back-clipping, fore-clipping, and
fore-and-aft clipping.
·
The back-clipping occurs
when it is the end of the word that is lopped off. Thus, the word gasoline
is reduced in the end become gas.
·
The fore-clipping occurs
when it is the beginning of the word is released. Thus, the word phone
is taken from telephone.
·
The fore-and-aft clipping
occurs when it is the beginning and the end of the word is dropped. Thus, flu
is taken from influenza.
These
are the list of clipping words:
|
Back-clipping
|
Fore-clipping
|
Fore-and-aft clipping.
|
|
advertisement – ad
automobile – auto
bicycle – bike
brother-bro
cabriolet – cab
celebrity-celeb
cleric – clerk
coeducational student – coed
convict-con
congratulations-congrats
delicatessen – deli
doctor- doc
dormitory – dorm
examination – exam
fanatic – fan
gasoline – gas
gymnasium – gym
laboratory – lab
limousine – limo
luncheon – lunch
mathematics – math
memorandum – memo
moving picture – movie
pantaloons – pants
photograph – photo
pianoforte – piano
promenade – prom
public house – pub
referee – ref
reputation – rep
submarine – sub
teenager-teen
typographical error – typo
zoological garden – zoo
|
alchemist – chemist
alligator – gator
chrysanthemum – mum
hamburger – burger
raccoon – coon
telephone – phone
university-varsity
airplane-plane
autobus -bus
periwig-wig
violoncello-cello
caravan-van
|
influenza – flu
refrigerator – fridge
|
HYPOCORISMS
In Australian and British English a
particular type of reduction is favored. Produces forms technically known as hypocorisms.
In this process, a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then -y or
-ieis added to the end. This is the process that results in movie (‘moving
pictures’) and telly(‘television’). It has also produced Aussie (‘Australian’),
barbie(‘barbecue’), bookie (‘bookmaker’), brekky(‘breakfast’)
and hankie (‘handkerchief’).
CLIPPING
NAMES
In our lives, clipping used to make a word easy to be
said. Even it is used to call someone’s name simply. In English name, we have
found many examples of shorted name. For example, Maddy or Maddie
(Madelaine), Danny (Daniel), Charlie (Charles), Christie or
Christy (Christine), Robbie (Robert), Alex (Alexander), Dan
(Daniel), Will (William), Eliza (Elizabeth), Rob (Robert),
Lottie (Charlotte), Betty (Elizabeth), Freddy or Freddie (Alfred).
CLIPPING COMPOUNDS
Clipping
compound is taken from a compound which is clipped. In this process, one part of the
original combination often remains intact. In some other cases, both
components are clipped. For example:
·
newspaper boy à
newsboy
·
European television à Eurovision
·
do on (verb) à
don (to put on an item of clothing)
·
do off (verb) à doff
(to remove an item of clothing)
It is appropriate to use clipped
words in formal English. Some clipped words have made their way into Standard
English; some clipped words remain restricted to the slang of special groups:
schools, army, police, the medical profession, the entertainment industry,
gangs, etc.
·
captain (standard English) à
cap (army slang)
·
convict (standard English) à
con (police slang)
·
Laboratory à lab (school slang)
·
Congratulations à
congrats (informal English)
·
typographical error à
typo (informal English)
·
Celebrity à celeb (informal English)
·
Delicatessen à deli (informal English)
·
Brother à bro (informal English)
Some clipped words have become standard and can therefore be
used in more formal environments:
·
wig (instead of the word periwig,
which is not in use anymore)
·
fan (instead of the word fanatic )
·
piano (instead of the word pianoforte )
·
bus (instead of the word omnibus )
·
flu (the short word for influenza ; the
word flu has become acceptable even in formal medical texts)
·
exam (the short word for examination ;
the word exam can be used in formal writing)
·
movie (the short word for moving picture ;
the word movie can be used in formal writing)
·
tie (the short word for necktie ; the
word tie can be used in formal writing)
·
plane (both words plane and airplane are
used in formal writing)
·
burger (the short word for hamburger or veggie
burger ; the word burger is slowly making its way
into formal writing)
·
bra (the short word for brassiere ;
the word bra can be used in formal writing).
So, clipping is one of important
parts of formal and informal English. To make our speaking and writing simple,
we can use clipped words. Clipped word will be more famous when it is used in
some appropriate situation of speaking or writing.
B.
ACRONIM
An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components
in a phrase or a word. It can be individual letters (as in laser) or parts of
words (as in Benelux and Ameslan). There is no universal agreement on the
precise definition of various names for such abbreviationsnor on written usage.
The
following list is a few example of each type.
·
Pronounced as a word,
containing only initial letters
·
Pronounced as a word,
containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters
·
Pronounced as a word or as
a string of letters, depending on speaker or context
·
IRA:
When used for Individual
Retirement Account, can be pronounced as
letters (i-ar-a) or as a word [ˈaɪrə].
·
SAT(s): ([sæt] or ess-a-tee)
(previously) Scholastic Achievement (or Aptitude) Test(s) (US) or Standard
Assessment Test(s) (UK), now claimed not to stand for anything.[13]
·
Pronounced as a combination
of spelling out and a word
·
Pronounced only as a string
of letters
·
USA: The United States of
America
·
Pronounced as a string of
letters, but with a shortcut
·
AAA:
·
(triple A) American Automobile Association; abdominal
aortic aneurysm; anti-aircraft
artillery; Asistencia, Asesoría y Administración
·
Shortcut incorporated into
name
·
C4ISTAR: (C
four I star) Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence,
Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance[14]
·
Multi-layered acronyms
·
NAC Breda: (Dutch
football club) NOAD ADVENDO Combinatie ("NOAD ADVENDO Combination"),
formed by the 1912 merger of two clubs, NOAD (NooitOpgevenAltijdDoorgaan
"Never give up, always persevere") and ADVENDO (Aangenaam Door
Vermaak En Nuttig Door Ontspanning "Pleasant by entertainment and useful
by relaxation") from Breda[15][16]
·
VHDL: VHSIC hardware
description language, where VHSIC stands
for very-high-speed integrated circuit.
·
These may go through
multiple layers before the self-reference is found:
·
HURD: HIRD
of Unix-replacing daemons, where "HIRD" stands for "HURD of
interfaces representing depth"
·
Pseudo-acronyms which consist of a sequence of characters
that, when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words with less typing
(see also Internet slang)
C. BLENDING
Blending
is one of the most beloved of word formation processes in English. It is
especially creative in that speakers take two words and merge them based not on
morpheme structure but on sound structure. The combination of two separate
forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called
blending. However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the
beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word.
For instances:
Motor
+ hotel = motel
Helicopter
+ airport = heliport
Breakfast
+ lunch = brunch
Smoke
+ fog = smog
Advertisement
+ editorial = advertorial
Channel
+ tunnel = chunnel
Oxford
+ Cambridge = Oxbridge
Yale
+ Harvard = Yarvard
Slang
+ language = slanguage
Guess
+ estimate = guesstimate
Square
+ aerial = squaerial
Toys
+ cartoons = toytoons
Affluence
+ influenza = affluenza
Information
+ commercials = informercials
Dock
+ condominium = dockominium
Smoke
+ haze = smaze
Smoke
+ murk = smurk
Binary
+ digit = bit
Television
+ broadcast = telecast
Information
+ entertainment = infotainment
Simultaneous
+ broadcast = simulcast
teleprinter
+ exchange = telex.
Usually in word formation we combine roots
or affixes along their edges: one morpheme comes to an end before the next one
starts. For example, we form derivation out of the sequence of morphemes
de+riv+at(e)+ion. One morpheme follows the next and each one has identifiable
boundaries. The morphemes do not overlap.
Here
are some more recent blends I have run across:
mocktail
(mock and cocktail) 'cocktail with no alcohol'
splog
(spam and blog) 'fake blog designed to attract hits and raise Google-ranking'
Britpoperati
(Britpop and literati) 'those knowledgable about current British pop music'
D. BACK-FORMATION
One of the word formation’s varieties
is Back Formation. Back Formation is the reverse of affixation, being the
analogical creation of a new word from an existing word falsely assumed to be
its derivative. For example, the verb to edit has been formed from the
noun editor on the reverse analogy of the noun actor from to
act, and similarly the verbs automate, bulldoze, commute, escalate,
liaise, loaf, sightsee, and televise are back-formed from the
nouns automation, bulldozer, commuter, escalation, liaison, loafer,
sightseer, and television. From the single noun procession
are back-formed two verbs with different stresses and meanings: procéss,
“to walk in procession,” and prócess, “to subject food (and other
material) to a special operation.” Back-formation
is the process of creating a new lexeme
by removing actual or supposed affixes.
Back-formation is different from clipping – back-formation may change the
part of speech or the word's meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words
from longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning
of the word. For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin,
and the verb resurrect was then back-formed hundreds of years later from
it by removing the -ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection
into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of
Latinate words in the form of verb and verb+-ion pairs, such as opine/opinion.
These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where a verb derived from a
Latin supine stem and a noun ending in -ion entered the language
together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection etc.
Back formation may be similar to the reanalysis of folk
etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the
morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a
back-formation from the plural assets. However, assets is
originally not a plural; it is a loan-word
from Anglo-Normanasetz (modern Frenchassez).
The -s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix.
Many words came into English by this
route: Pease was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea.
The noun statistic was likewise a back-formation from the field of study
statistics. In Britain the verb burgle
came into use in the 19th century as a back-formation from burglar
(which can be compared to the North American verb burglarize formed by
suffixation).
Other examples are:
·
adj. "couth" from "uncouth"
·
Verb "edit" from "editor"
·
Singular "sastruga", plural "sastrugi"
(from Russian): new Latin-type singular "sastrugus" has been used
sometimes
·
"euthanase" or "euthanize" (verb) from
the noun "euthanasia".
Back-formations frequently begin in
colloquial use and only gradually become accepted. For example, enthuse
(from enthusiasm) is gaining popularity, though it is still considered
substandard by some today.
E.
COMPOUNDING
Compounding is the word formation process in
which two or more lexemes combine into a single new word. Compound words may be
written as one word or as two words joined with a hyphen. For example:
noun-noun compound: note
+ book → notebook
adjective-noun compound:
blue + berry → blueberry
verb-noun compound: work
+ room → workroom
noun-verb compound:
breast + feed → breastfeed
verb-verb compound: stir
+ fry → stir-fry
adjective-verb compound:
high + light → highlight
verb-preposition
compound: break + up → breakup
preposition-verb
compound: out + run → outrun
adjective-adjective
compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet
preposition-preposition
compound: in + to → into
Compounds may be compositional, meaning that the meaning of the
new word is determined by combining the meanings of the parts, or noncom
positional, meaning that the meaning of the new word cannot be determined by
combining the meanings of the parts. For example, a blueberry is a berry that
is blue. However, a breakup is not a relationship that was severed into pieces
in an upward direction.
Compound nouns should not be confused with nouns modified by
adjectives, verbs, and other nouns. For example, the adjective black of the
noun phrase black bird is different from the adjective black of the compound
noun blackbird in that black of black bird functions as a noun phrase modifier
while the black of blackbird is an inseparable part of the noun: a black bird
also refers to any bird that is black in color while a blackbird is a specific
type of bird.
F.
CONVERSION
A
change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used
as a verb (without any reduction), is generally known as conversion. Conversion
is the process of forming words without changing the form of input word that
function as base. Conversion is known as zero derivation, this proses changes
the part of speech and meaning without adding and affix. Conversion is
particularly common in English because the basic form of noun and verb is
identical in many cases. Conversion is change or
adaptation in form, character, or functionsomething changed in one of this
respects. Conversion is the creation of new word class from an existed word (of
different word class) without any change in form. Conversion is the process to
locate the new word in new syntax category without affixation process.
Conversion is the limiting case of a morphological pattern.
a.
The
process of conversion
·
The conversion process is
particularly productive in modern English, with new uses occurring frequently.
The conversion can involve verbs becoming nouns, with guess, must, and spy as
the sources of a guess, a must and a spy. Phrasal verb (to print out, to
take out) also becoming nouns (a printout, a takeover). One complex
verb combination has become a new noun, as in He isn’t in the group, and he is
just a winnable.
·
Verbs (see through, stand
up) also become adjectives, as in see-through material or a stand-up comedian.
Or adjectives, as in a dirtytoilet, an empty class,
some crazy opinions and those nasty teachers, can
become the verb to dirty and to empty or the nouns a crazy
and the nasty. It is word nothing that some words can shift
substantially in meaning when they change category through conversion. The verb
to doctor often has a negative sense, not normally associated with the
source noun a doctor. A similar kind of reanalysis of meaning is taking
place with respect to the noun total and the verb run around,
which do not have negative meanings. However, after conversion, if you total
(= verb)
your car, and your insurance company gives you the runaround (= noun), then you will have
a double sense of the negative.
b.
Types
of conversion
·
FromVerb to Noun to attack à attack
To
hope à hope
To cover à cover
·
From Noun to Verb comb à to comb
Sand à to sand
Party à to party
·
From Name to Verb Harpo à to Harp Houdini à to Houdini
·
From Adjective to Verb dirty à to dirty
slowà to slow
·
From Prepositionto Verb out
à to out
In some cases, conversion is accompanied by a change
in the stress pattern known as stress shift.
transpórt
(V) àtránsport
(N)
rewríte (V) àréwrite
(N)
condúct (V) àcónduct
(N)
subjéct (V) àsúbject (N)
Examples:
Is there a volunteer?
Someone has to volunteer.
Otherwise, I will volunteer
someone.
I butter the bread.
I eat butter and bread.
I drink water.
She waters the flowers.
The
real examples provided indicate the high frequency of this process. It is quite
a common phenomenon is everyday English. In addition, it is not a great source
of problems for nonnative speakers and translators because the meaning of
converted items is easily recognizable. However, nonnatives and translators are
strongly advised to be taught conversion so that their passive knowledge of it
can be turned into an active skill for their everyday communication.
G. EPHONYM
Eponyms are a word form by the word
formation process in which a new word is formed from the name of a real of
fictitious person. For example:
·
atlas – Atlas
·
boycott – Charles C. Boycott
·
cardigan – James Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigan
·
cereal – Ceres
·
dunce – John Duns Scotus
·
guillotine – Joseph IgnaceGuillotin
·
jacuzzi – Candido Jacuzzi
·
luddite – Ned Ludd
·
malapropism – Mrs. Malaprop
·
mesmerize – Franz Anton Mesmer
·
mirandize – Ernesto A. Miranda
·
narcissistic – Narcissus
·
nicotine – Jean Nicot
·
pasteurization – Louis Pasteur
·
poinsettia – Noel Roberts Poinsett
·
praline – César de Choiseul, Count Plessis–Praslin
·
sadistic – Marquis de Sade
·
salmonella – Daniel Elmer Salmon
·
sandwich – John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich
·
volcano – Vulcan
H.
BORROWING
Borrowing is
a process of taking a word from one language and integrating it into another or
the process of taking over the words either in their original or moderated form
from other language. The borrowed words are called loan words. A loan word is a
word directly taken from other language with little or without translation.
English has
many loan words because English has gone through many periods in which large
numbers of words from particular language were borrowed. These periods happened
at the same time with times of major cultural contact between English speaker
and those speaking other languages.
The
following list is a small sampling of the loan words which came into English in
different periods and from different languages.
1.
Germanic
period
Latin
cealc : chalk
Ceas : cheese
Straet : street
2.
Old
english period (600-1100)
Latin
Circul : cirle
Paper : paper
Cometa : comet
Cest :chest
Ceaster : city
3.
Middle
English period (1100-1500)
French
Adventure
Change
Courage
Dignity
Magic
Also
middle EnglishFrench loans a huge number of prefix and suffix such as,
-ance/-ence,-ant/-ent,-ity,ment,-tion,con-,de-,and pre-. So, sometimes it is
hard to tell whether a given word came from French or whether it was taken
straight from Latin.
4.
Early
modern English period (1500-1650)
Latin
Agile, Area, Capsule,
ultimate, expensive
Greek (many of this via Latin)
Anonymous, atmosphere,
autograph
Greek bound morphemes :
-ism, -izm
Arabic
Via Spanish : alcove,
algebra, zenith
Via other romance language:coffe,
sugar
5.
Modern
English (1650-present)
Spanish
Armada, alligator,
alpaca
Arabic
Giraffe, mosque, salaam,
sultan
Japanese
Samurai, karaoke, soy,
tsunami, sushi
I.
ONOMATOPOEIA
Onomatopoeia
is the word which is imitating from the sounds of something. Let me say with “from the ears fall in to the
mouth”. May be the first time you here onomatopoeia you will think it’s the
name of some dieses or something like that. But it is not some dieses, it’s the
word that formed by the sound of the word itself. It creates a sound effect that
mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and
interesting. There are many form of this word, it can be an adjective, a verb,
and a noun. To give more understanding to you about onomatopoeia, I will give
you some examples directly. In English we call gecko because some of English
people here that gecko produce the sound “ge…ckoo...” Yet it’s different from Indonesia, Indonesia
people call gecko with tokek because they here that gecko produce the sound
“to-kek...” Indonesian people have
created many onomatopoeias, as like “telurceplok” (they take from the sound
when the egg falls in to the cooking pan), and the word “kentut” (they take
from the fart’s sound ‘tuuut’).
Another
example is Javanese, java has much onomatopoeia, sometimes they divided it into
three expressions, for instance, they use word “kricik-kricik” to express the
sound of little water, “kracak-kracak” to express the sound of swift water. And
they use the word “krucukkrucuk” to express the stomach which is hungry.
Another example are the word “pentil” to express small circle and the word
“pentol” to express big circle.
From that
example we can understand that each country has the different onomatopoeia, yet
there are similarities between Indonesian and English, like “meong” and “meow”
for cat’s sound, and “mbeeek” and “baah” for sheep’s sound. Talking about
similarities, let’s check the similarities onomatopoeia among the countries to
express the chicken which is crowing
Indonesia:
kukuruyuk
Inggris: cock-a-doodle-doo
Prancis: cocorico
Belanda: kukeleku
Germany: kikeriki
Arab: kukukuku
Japan: kokekokkoo
Italy: chicchirichì
Philippines:
tiktilaok
We never know which language that is very good fit
to express the sound of the chicken, and it will never end if we debate about
this.
We can conclude that generally onomatopoeia is divided in to two different
ways. The first is onomatopoeia which has interpreted in a word. And the second
is onomatopoeia which hasn’t interpreted in a word. But many of the words it
includes seem to fall into a few categories, with the most, by far, being
associated with the sounds made by animals. Here are some onomatopoetic words,
grouped by category:
Mechanical. Machine
noises seem to make up a fair amount of the common words in this group. Examples
include buzz, beep, whirr, click, clack, clunk,
clatter, clink. Many of these words begin with a "cl"
sound.
Fast Motion. Words that
convey the sound of speed seem often to begin with the letter s or z.
Boing, varoom/vroom, whoosh, swish, swoosh,zap,
zing, zip, and zoom are examples.
Musical. Some words
in this group are associated with specific music instruments — the twang
of a banjo or guitar,
for example, or oompah for a tuba, or plunk for a keyboard.
Others imitate a metallic sound, and these often end in ng: ting,
ding, ring, ping, clang, bong, brrrring,
jingle, and jangle. Then there are some that clearly evoke wind
instruments, like blare, honk, and toot; and another group
that seem percussive, like rap, tap, boom, rattle,
and plunk. A person making music without an instrument might hum
or clap or snap.
Food Preparation and Eating. In cooking,
food may crackle or sizzle and oil may splatter. When a
person pours something to drink, it may go splash, kerplunk, or gush,
but hopefully it won’t drip, and when we open a soft drink, it will
probably fizz. When it’s time to eat, people are likely to nibble,
munch, gobble, and crunch.
Fighting. The action
words that show up in comic books during fighting scenes are onomatopoetic, and
include terms like pow, bif, bam, whomp, thump,
smash, zowie, bang, and wham are some of them.
Animals. The sounds
that animals make are complicated even in English, but it’s important for
people to be aware that — contrary to what they might expect — in different
parts of the world, the words used for animal sounds are quite different. Sheep
do not universally go baa, nor do ducks quack everywhere in the
world. Here are some common English renderings:
|
cat
|
mew/meow
|
cow
|
moo/low
|
|
horse
|
neigh/whinny
|
dog
|
bark/woof/bow-wow
|
|
pig
|
Oink
|
lion
|
roar
|
|
bird
|
Tweet
|
hen
|
cluck
|
|
chick
|
Peep
|
rooster
|
cock-a-doodle-doo/crow
|
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
In
this paper, different word formation process were explained including blending,
clipping, compounding, backformation, conversion, onomatopoeia, acronym,
borrowing, and eponym.
·
Blending is the process
of taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other
words.
·
Clipping is the process
of shortening or reducing long words.
·
Compounding is
combination of some lexical categories such as adjectives, nouns or preposition
in purpose of constructing larger unit of words.
·
Backformation is the
process to make a new word by deleting actual affix from the words in a
language.
·
Conversion is the process
of forming words without changing the form of input word which function as
base.
·
Onomatopoeia is the word
which is imitating from the sound of something.
·
Acronym is an
abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word.
·
Borrowing is the process
of taking word from other language with a little or without translation.
·
Eponym is a words derived
from proper names or things.
REFERENCES
Yule
.J. (2006).The study of language.Cambridge.
Cambridge university press.
Haspelmath .M. & Sims .A.D. (2010).Understanding Morphology. Great
Britain. An Hachette UK company.
Plag Ingo.
(2002). Word-Formation In English. English Text Book.Cambridge University
Press.
Nida,
Eugene A. (1949). Morphology.The
Descriptive Analysis of Words.The University of Michigan Press. New York.
Rahmawati, Afifa (2012). Word formation processes on slang words Used by transsexual. Journals of Morphology.Semarang.
Kirkpatrick, Andi. (2008). Global Prespectives on
World Englishes. Journal Compilation.Vol 29. Review: World
Englishes. The Study of New Linguistic Varieties.RajendMesthrie and
RakeshM.Bhatt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. USA.
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