Apa Itu Implicature?
Discourse
Analysis
IMPLICATURE
Sometimes,
when we are talking with other people, the problem happened is easy to express
an idea but it is difficult to interpret it because every utterance needs to be
interpreted based on its context. It means that what is uttered depends on who,
where, when, and in what occasion the utterance appears.
The
concept of implicature is a theoretical construct which was first introduced by
Grice in the William James Lectures more than thirty years ago. Grice used the
concept to deal with examples in communication where what a speaker means goes
beyond the meaning literally expressed by a particular utterance. However
implicature was defined negatively as what is communicated less ‘what is said’.
In other words, implicature was characterized simply as whatever is
communicated that is not part of what is said by a speaker. The only positive
characterization of implicature by Grice was his indication that it is related
to the terms imply, suggest, and mean.
For
example, if I happen to be with a friend who is eating an ice cream and I ask
something like. “What flavor is it?” my friend might response by offering me a
bite of her ice cream. By offering some of his ice cream to me, my friend has
shown that she thinks I was implying that I would like to taste it. I did not
actually say I wanted to taste the ice cream, and thus I could deny that I
implied this, either directly as in “I didn’t mean I wanted to have a bite”, or
more indirectly as in “Oh, I am not hungry”. However, unless I make some kind
of denial, then the fact that I wanted to taste my friend’s ice cream has been
implied.
Grice on his article “Logical of Conversation” stated that an
utterance can imply presupposition which is not part of that utterance.
Presupposition implicated can be called as a conversational implicature.
Therefore, we can define that conversational implicature is implicated of an
utterance like presupposition which is actually not as the part of that
utterance. There is also conventional implicature which happens caused by
certain context and situation.
My
critical review about implicature comes from the case whether or not implicit
meaning or implicature is fairly needed or not. The real example is we often
find politicians using implicature. Living in the country in which the society
always face to the laws as the consequences, uttering whatever we want to say
is quite useful. For example, although a politician A criticize and offend
politician B, it will never become a crucial thing because he never explicitly
states that. Even If the politician B wants to claim, it might not work to
punish politician A. because the politician A was not explicitly stated,
although it means so.
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